The Sun ultimately drives all weather on Earth. The interaction of its heat with our atmosphere is why we have weather in the first place.
One of the most obvious ways that the Sun drives the weather is the seasons. The Earth is tilted on an axis that generally points in the direction of the North Star. This means that during part of the year the northern hemisphere is tilted slightly towards the Sun, which causes summer. As the Earth moves around the Sun, the axis continues to point to the North Star, which means that when the Earth gets to the other side of the Sun, the northern hemisphere is pointed slightly away from the Sun. This causes winter.
The angle at which sunlight hits the Earth influences weather in other ways. Sunlight hits the Equator straight-on but hits the poles at an angle. One effect of this is that sunlight has to travel through a smaller amount of the atmosphere at the Equator, so less sunlight gets absorbed by the atmosphere. At the poles, sunlight moves through more of the atmosphere due to the curvature of the Earth, and therefore more sunlight gets absorbed by the atmosphere. This is one reason the poles are colder than the Equator.
Note that these two examples of how the Sun drives the weather are also examples of climate.